Hip Replacement Surgery: Best Materials and Procedures

Hip replacement surgery: Best materials and procedures

Hip replacement surgery, also known as hip arthroplasty, is a medical procedure aimed at relieving pain and restoring function in individuals with hip joint issues. Many times it is caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or hip fractures. 

It is often a last resort for severe hip damage, following non-invasive treatments such as physical therapy and stem cell procedures. The success of this surgical intervention relies mainly on the materials used to replace the damaged hip joint components. 

Collaborating with your surgeon is key for a successful hip replacement, that includes considering factors such as their familiarity with the implant, its expected lifespan (ideally 15-20 years), compatibility with normal activities, and overall safety.    

 Materials used for Hip Replacement Surgery

The primary materials employed in hip replacement surgery are metals, ceramics, and polymers. These materials are chosen to mimic the function of a natural hip joint and are long-lasting, biocompatible, and have minimal wear and tear over time. 

The following are the various materials used in hip replacement surgery:

Metal-on-metal

Metal-on-metal hip implants consist of a metal ball and socket, offering durability and reduced wear and tear. Though once popular, concerns were raised due to potential metal ion release, leading to tissue damage and implant failure. Consequently, their use declined, with alternatives like ceramic or polyethylene components becoming more common for hip replacement surgeries.

Metal-on-polyethylene

A metal-on-polyethylene implant for hip replacement consists of a metal femoral component and a polyethylene acetabular cup. This design minimizes friction between the hip joint components, reducing wear and tear. 

The metal provides stability and support, while the polyethylene cup serves as a durable, low-friction surface, enhancing joint mobility and functionality for patients undergoing hip replacement surgery.

Ceramic-on-metal

Ceramic-on-metal hip implants combine a ceramic femoral head with a metal acetabular cup, enhancing wear off resistance and reducing friction in hip replacement surgeries.

This design aims to improve implant longevity and minimize metal ion release, addressing concerns associated with traditional metal-on-metal implants. 

However, careful patient selection and monitoring are essential to ensure long-term success and minimize potential complications.

Ceramic-on-polyethylene

A ceramic-on-polyethylene hip replacement implant involves using a ceramic femoral head and a polyethylene acetabular cup. This combination aims to reduce wearing off and friction, enhancing joint longevity. 

The ceramic's hardness provides durability, while the polyethylene cup offers smooth articulation. This implant option is chosen to improve joint function and reduce hip pain in individuals undergoing hip replacement surgery.

Ceramic-on-ceramic

Ceramic-on-ceramic hip implants use ceramic materials for both the ball and socket components in hip replacement surgeries. This combination reduces wear and tear, potentially increasing the implant's lifespan. 

The smooth surface helps minimize friction, lowering the risk of implant dislocation and providing a more stable and long-lasting solution for patients undergoing hip replacement procedures.

Procedure for Hip Replacement Surgery

The following are the various steps involved in a hip replacement surgery:

Preoperative assessment: Before the surgery, a comprehensive preoperative assessment is conducted. This includes a thorough physical examination, imaging tests (X-rays, MRI), and a review of the patient's medical history. Blood tests and diagnostic evaluations ensure the patient's suitability for surgery.

Anaesthesia: The patient receives either general or local anaesthesia, based on the surgeon's preference and the patient's health. General anaesthesia induces unconsciousness, while local anaesthesia numbs the lower part of the body.

Incision: Following anaesthesia, the surgeon makes an incision along the side of the hip, typically ranging from 8 to 12 inches. This incision provides access to the hip joint.

Removal of damaged tissues: Damaged cartilage and bone in the hip joint are carefully removed, leaving healthy bone and tissue intact. This step prepares the joint for the placement of prosthetic components.

Insertion of prosthesis: A metal or ceramic ball, attached to a stem that fits into the femur's hollow space, is implanted. A socket is also inserted into the pelvic bone. 

The prosthesis is secured using bone cement or a press-fit technique that encourages natural bone growth around the implant.

Closure of incision: The surgeon meticulously closes the incision using sutures or staples, followed by the application of a sterile dressing to protect the wound.

Recovery and rehabilitation: Post-surgery, the patient is monitored in the recovery room and then transferred to a hospital room. Physical therapy begins shortly after surgery to assist in regaining mobility and strength. 

Patients are encouraged to start walking with the support of crutches or a walker.

Postoperative care: Effective pain management, infection prevention, and blood clot prevention are vital aspects of postoperative care. Patients may receive prescribed medications, including pain relievers and blood thinners, to facilitate a smooth recovery.

Follow-up and long-term monitoring: Regular follow-up appointments with the orthopaedic surgeon are crucial for monitoring progress and addressing any concerns. Patients receive guidance on long-term care, including exercises to maintain joint flexibility and prevent complications.

To conclude, selecting hip replacement materials involves considering factors such as wearing off resistance, durability, and health risks. Patients and surgeons collaborate to choose the most suitable option based on individual needs and preferences. 

The decision is a careful balance of these elements to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the hip replacement procedure.

KM NU Hospitals in Ambur, India, is best for its exceptional expertise in hip replacement surgery. Renowned for delivering high-quality care, the hospital stands out for its skilled medical professionals and state-of-the-art facilities. Patients seek hip replacement benefit from the institution's commitment to excellence, ensuring successful and reliable outcomes. KM NU Hospitals has established itself as a trusted destination for top-tier hip replacement procedures in the medical field.

References:

1.  Materials for Hip Prostheses. National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6384837/.

2.  Hip & Knee Replacement. American Association of Hip & Knee Surgeons.

https://hipknee.aahks.org/what-are-hip-and-knee-replacement-implants-made-of/.

3.  Hip Replacement Surgery. National Institute of Arthritis & Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases.

https://www.niams.nih.gov/healthtopics/hipreplacementsurgery.

Author: Dr. Allen Sunny Deol S V